Contemporary Canadian Business Law Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Canadian Business Law Essay A minor named Alice entered into a contract with Silver Flatware Ltd. for purchasing silverware on a long-term credit contract. The goods was delivered but the payment was not yet been fully made by Alice. Before she attain the age of majority, Alice repudiated the contract and refused to return the silverware. The company demanded a return of the silverware and refused to refund. The company sued Alice for the balance of purchase price. The legal issues in this case are whether Alice has the legal capacity to the contract and whether Alice has the right to repudiate the contract. If the second question is answered affirmative, what the effect of repudiation will occur in this case? Should Alice return the silverware and should she be liable to the lost of teaspoons? Finally, should the Silver Flatware Ltd. Refund the money had been paid by Alice? The plaintiff’s argument would be that the defendant must return the goods if she wants to repudiate the contract. The lost of teaspoons should be counted as damage to the goods and the plaintiff is entitled to recover the loss by charging compensation from the defendant. The defendant’s argument would be that she has the right to repudiate the contract since she was a minor while entering into the contract and she repudiated the contract before her attaining of the age of majority. The defendant has the option to repudiate the contract because the contract has not been fully performed and it was signed for purchasing non-necessary goods. The defendant was entitled to a return of the payment as she was a minor at the time she entered into the contract. The defendant was not liable to the lost of teaspoons since it was not a direct result of the minor’s deliberate act and it was not recoverable by the merchant. In my opinion, the probable decision of the court would be that the defendant must return the goods and the plaintiff must refund all the monies paid by the defendant. The defendant must return the goods before the plaintiff is obliged to return the monies paid. The defendant is not liable to the lost parts of the goods. The reasons for the probable decisions are as follows. Firstly, public policy dictates that minors should not be bound by their promises. The defendant did not have the legal capacity to a contract since she entered into the contract and repudiated the contract before her attaining of the age of majority. Secondly, the contract has not been fully performed as the defendant has not made full payment of the goods, so the contract is voidable at the defendant’s option. Thirdly, the goods purchased was a non-necessary goods since the silverwork is commonly considered as luxury but not necessary. Therefore, the plaintiff is not liable on such contract. According to the reasons stated above, the defendant who is a minor has the right to repudiate the contract at any time and at her option, for the reason of the contract has not been fully performed and it was for purchasing non-necessary goods. Additionally, once the contract has been repudiated, the minor is entitled to a return of any deposit paid to the adult contractor. Since the minor has purchased the goods on credit and taken delivery, the minor must return the goods before the merchant is obliged to return any monies paid. Finally, the loss of loosing teaspoons is not recoverable by the merchant because there is no evidence provided to proof that the loss is a direct result of the minor’s deliberate act.

Education in the UK: Social Policy Changes

Education in the UK: Social Policy Changes The 1944 Education Act has a significant role in the British education system. According to Bochel et al (p.238), the legislation of this Act initiated free secondary education for all children and raised the school leaving age from 14 to 15. Control over education system was shared between central government and local government. It also gave local authorities the power to control education affairs whiles the central government was in charge of providing financial support. In relation to this, the Act created three secondary systems (Tripartite system) namely: the grammar school (for the academic), technical (for practical or vocational studies) and secondary modern (for less academic). Admission in to these schools were based on entrance examination called eleven- plus. One of the impacts of this policy was to establish a system that allows children from diverse background to schools most suitable for their needs and ability. The return of conservative government in 1979 alleged that change was necessary in other to raise the standard of the British education system. The change did not neutralise until 1988. Bochel,etl(2009) wrote: Thatchers government of 1980 placed at least part of the blame for Britains economic ills on trendy educators who they perceived as having emphasised equality and new teaching methods at the expense of providing a solid educational foundation for children (p.240). This means that the conservative government believe the possible way to revive the education system was to take control of the provision and policy of education from the hands of local authority and teaching professionals and centralized it to the central government. This was responded through the 1988 Education Reform Act. The key significant of this legislation was to introduce market mechanism which encourages competition among schools and parental involvement (i.e. giving parents an informed choice in terms of choosing schools for their children). GRANT MAINTAIN SCHOOLS Thatchers government initiated two tier systems in to the British education in other to promote competition among schools. This was achieved through given grant maintain status the opportunity to opt out of the control of Local Education Authority (LEA) and become independent schools through parental votes. The benefit of opting out meant that the school will be able to receive it budget directly from the central government and also have the power to manage it affairs such as pupil entry and selection process. However, schools which chose to remain under the umbrella of LEA had it budget control by local management of schools (LMS). Under the LMS control, the schools were able to manage 85% of it budget . (Alcock 2008 p.317). According to Bochel (p. 241) the aim of the conservative was establish a market strategies for the two schools (i.e. GMS and LMS) to compete for pupil numbers. To the policy makers, based resources on the number of children they could attract not only encourage them to perform well but also meant that those which perform below standard would be force to improve or face the consequence of closing down where as those that attract more pupil receive grater resources and continue to remain in operation. THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM, STANDARD TEST AND LEAGUE TABLE The second area of concern to Thatchers government was the poor basic skills of the British population especially among young children in school leaving age compare to other countries (reference this part). In response, the policy makers introduce a national curriculum and standard test for all state schools which was to be published in a league table. The content of the curriculum included maths, English and science as the core subjects in addition with other subjects like history, languages, geography and daily worship if it is a faith school. The standard test on the other hand was initiated to test childrens understanding or attainment on the curriculum on four key stages between the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16. However, testing at key stage 4 was later polish due to children under taking GCSE. Publication of the result along side with GCSE and A- levels in league table gave parent the choice to compare schools and also to check it performance before enrolling their children. (Alcock 2008, p.318). However, the information published could be misleading because the pupils achievement might be determine by various reasons outside the control of the school. For example, a child from a high class social background might need a might receive little support from the school and still high result from test compare to a person from a low social background who gets good quality of teaching fro the school but still perform poor in test. The result therefore courage schools to select children from the high class academic families.(Hill 2009). However, it could be argue that the 1988 Education Reform Act has lead to creation of class differences and inequality in to the British education system. For instance, Brown and Lauder deem that bringing marketing in education would benefit children from high class family as they will be influence to educate their children in independent schools where as children from the minority and working class families end up LMS schools which could be classified as less successful schools (Haralambos 2000 p. 798). In addition, Gewirtz et al argue that even though the act has giving parents the autonomy to make choice, however, parents from high class families are more likely to excise this choice as compare to parents from the working class families. For example high class families are more able to move house to certain areas in other to have access to good education. They are also likely to appeal against a decision if their children are tune down of their preferred choice of school and often educate children in a primary school which has link to their preferred secondary school. Working class families on the hand might be force to choose a local school because they can not afford to move house or has no means of transportation either than public transport (Haralambos 200 p. 806). The nation curriculum on the other hand could be view as initiating inequality into the education system. For example, the study of history is about the British history or empire without considering other cultures such as the Asian or African history which might have a significant influence on the consumers. Lawton has critics that testing between the ages of 7 and 14 would label some children as either failures or achieves. Those labelled as failures could result in leaving school early or not having much interest in school which lead to affect their future prospect (Haralambos 200 p. 811) NEW LABOUR POLICY Following a successful election in May 1997, new labour came in to power with Tony Blair as the prime minister. New labour gave education policy a high priority in it agenda. According to Alcock (2003), new labour has continued the regime of conservative ideology of marketization and parental choice; however, the first major change was the school standard and framework Act 1998. the aim of the legislation was to bring social exclusion and inclusion as well to tackle child poverty in education and creating opportunity for every child to developed. The impact of the policy resulted in revising the national curriAccording to Baldock (2007), even though new labour still continue to or are in use of the nation curriculum, it has however made some significant changes which include daily hour of literacy and numeracy strategy in primary education. It has also introduced citizenship teaching and, information and communication technology. In addition, labour has reduced class size for key stage 1 and 2 to a maximum of 30. The importance of reducing class size as argue by new labour was that large class size distract pupil from learning. Funding for achievement was derived from scrapping off the Assisted Place scheme implemented by previous conservative party.( check alcock 2003 for referncing). Statistics by Adcock shows an improvement in reducing class size and also bring in literacy and numeracy hour on top of the national curriculum in primary schools. By 2007, 88% of pupils in primary education were taught in class of not more than 30 children compare to 1997 which had a percentage of 72. Moreover, the percentage of literacy achievement at key stage 2 at 2007 was 80% compare to 75% in 2002 and 54% in 1996. Numeracy on the other hand achieved at key stage 2 in 2007 was 77% compare to 72% in 2000 and 54% in 1996 (Alcock, 2008). This improvement shows a significant raise in labours policy. Education action zone, this framework was established to support schools within poor areas to improve education attainment. In order to achieve it aim, the government enter in to partnership with private business, individual schools and education authority. The intension of the partnership was to formulate new strategies of teaching in areas where social exclusion and poverty were high in order to raise standard in attainment (Blakemore 2003). Aside the action zone, the 1998 frame work act encourages the establishment of specialist school. These emphases on the promise to promote diversity and excellence in schools as cited in Alcock 2003, p . Comprehensive secondary were given power to bid and became specialist school in areas such as Arts, Business, science, language or sports as well as selecting 10% of it candidates based on aptitude. The impact of this was to create diversity which meant that schools differ from each other and offer a curriculum which best suit the needs of the student in the chosen area. By 2006 it was recorded that 80% of the secondary school in Britain had become specialist school. Adcock(2005). This percentage shows that high proportion of secondary school bid to specialise in particular area of interest. The consequence however, from opting out as noted from Thatchers government in 1988 which lead to a two ties system could also implied in specialised schools. Blakemore (2003) highlighted the fear that specialist schools can fully funded and resource where as non specialist become under resourced. Another concern to the policy makers was the failing schools. According to Blakemore (2003), the Act gave central government power to intervene when local authorities fail to provide adequate support for a school to perform well. Both the failing school and the local authority were identified by Ofsted and shamed. Moreover, the government initiated that if matters are not resolved; than the local authority is not equipped to handle matters and therefore the school management would be transfer over to private sector for management. Examples such local authorities that went into private management are Hackney and Guildford. The consequences of labours 1998 In spite of labours promise to change years of underachievement for the countrys most disadvantage schools, educational opportunity still reflects on class deference, ethnicity, and gender inequality. According to Hill(2009), the issue of gender still remain in education but on the reverse. It is no longer the female discrimination as it used to be years ago. Female According to Blakemore(2003) Hill, M. and Irving, Z. (2009) understanding social policy. 8tt edn. Oxford: Blackwell publishing Ltd.

Spying :: essays research papers

With the growing deviant behavior around the country, law enforcement has developed 21st century surveillance techniques and methods. Now people are continually monitored to keep the public in check and obey the laws of the state. The government can supervise citizens with a new speed monitoring technology replacing highway patrol officers. In addition to speed cameras, car manufacturers have developed an On-star system, can assist motorists who need directions, have car troubles, or even order flowers for a loved one. The ingenious system that takes individual pictures of every car that passes an operational camera and then proceeds to calculate the speed at which the vehicle is traveling at the time of the photograph. This new way of apprehending speeders causes apprehension for some drivers, fear in others, and even disgust for some owners.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The automated ticket surprises people when casually opening their mail. It gives them a reminder about the importance of following the laws even when someone thinks they are not being monitored. But the main argument surrounding the heated topic of computer-generated Highway Patrol is the unknown driver of the vehicle. The tickets are written to the owner of the vehicle, the owner is not always the driver consequently, unfairly penalizing unsuspecting people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personal surveillance has gained in popularity in the past couple of years. Cameras are hidden through houses, trip meters in cars record the top speed and number of miles each day, and an assistance program is installed in select automobiles. The On-star system assists owners of GMC cars with driving directions, car troubles, and theft using the global positioning system. A private company via satellite that can access the vehicle’s location, model, and year operates this system. The technicians answering all the calls from the owners of the cars have complete access to personal information politely addressing the caller by name. This system deters criminals from stealing cars equipped with On-star because the operators can easily locate a stolen vehicle. Therefore, the police can track down the stolen car in a matter of minutes, with the help of the On-star company. It is an uncanny feeling to have an On-star technician give a driver the exact position of their vehicle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The trip meters allow owners of a vehicle to check on other drivers of that car. By recording the date, distance traveled, and top speed of the day, the owner can monitor other driver’s aggressiveness and honesty.

HUMANITY AND NATURE: THE PERIOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Essay

HUMANITY AND NATURE: THE PERIOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Human beings and their reaction and response to world events has changed and evolved throughout history. The time period of the Industrial Revolution was no exception. Humans ´ responses to the consequences of the Industrial Revolution accurately depicted humanity and the stage of its evolution at that particular point in history. Humanity spoke out against the injustices they encountered as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Eventually, social theories emerged, that clearly depicted the power of the people to lead the world in the direction they desired. The Industrial Revolution was also a time of evolution in regards to the relationship of humanity with nature. Humanity proved that it no longer needed to depend on nature for its survival. Before the first Industrial Revolution, Englands economy was based on its cottage industry. The cottage industry consisted of workers purchasing raw materials from merchants and using these materials to produce goods at their own home. The problem with this system was that productivity was extremely low, which made costs higher. This caused an increase in the productsà ­ prices, so goods became exclusive to wealthy citizens. By the 1750à ­s the Industrial Revolution had begun. The Industrial Revolution was directly related to the rise of the factory system.(1) The incentive to invest in factories came from the fact that they were extremely efficient, so there was a great potential for increased profit. Men, women, and children were employed to keep the machines running and the factory system was established to provide the greatest efficiency of material and labor, at the lest expensive cost.(2) Factories provided the oppo... ...ch Engels, "The Communist Manifesto" in Perry M. Rogers Third Edition, Aspects of Western Civilization: Problesm and Sources in History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997), 149. 16. Pope Leo XIII, "Rerum Novarum (1891)" in Perry M. Rogers Third Edition, Aspects of Western Civilization: Probles and Sources in History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997), 158. Additional Source - Reeve, Robin. The Industrial Revolution 1750 - 1850. London: University of London Press LTD, 1971. This book is a great source for the study of humans and nature during the period of the Industrial Revolution. In this book the social impact of the Industrial Revolution is approached through an analysis of the labour force in 1851 and then leads into an assessment of family life and living standards during this controversial period. HUMANITY AND NATURE: THE PERIOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Essay HUMANITY AND NATURE: THE PERIOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Human beings and their reaction and response to world events has changed and evolved throughout history. The time period of the Industrial Revolution was no exception. Humans ´ responses to the consequences of the Industrial Revolution accurately depicted humanity and the stage of its evolution at that particular point in history. Humanity spoke out against the injustices they encountered as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Eventually, social theories emerged, that clearly depicted the power of the people to lead the world in the direction they desired. The Industrial Revolution was also a time of evolution in regards to the relationship of humanity with nature. Humanity proved that it no longer needed to depend on nature for its survival. Before the first Industrial Revolution, Englands economy was based on its cottage industry. The cottage industry consisted of workers purchasing raw materials from merchants and using these materials to produce goods at their own home. The problem with this system was that productivity was extremely low, which made costs higher. This caused an increase in the productsà ­ prices, so goods became exclusive to wealthy citizens. By the 1750à ­s the Industrial Revolution had begun. The Industrial Revolution was directly related to the rise of the factory system.(1) The incentive to invest in factories came from the fact that they were extremely efficient, so there was a great potential for increased profit. Men, women, and children were employed to keep the machines running and the factory system was established to provide the greatest efficiency of material and labor, at the lest expensive cost.(2) Factories provided the oppo... ...ch Engels, "The Communist Manifesto" in Perry M. Rogers Third Edition, Aspects of Western Civilization: Problesm and Sources in History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997), 149. 16. Pope Leo XIII, "Rerum Novarum (1891)" in Perry M. Rogers Third Edition, Aspects of Western Civilization: Probles and Sources in History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997), 158. Additional Source - Reeve, Robin. The Industrial Revolution 1750 - 1850. London: University of London Press LTD, 1971. This book is a great source for the study of humans and nature during the period of the Industrial Revolution. In this book the social impact of the Industrial Revolution is approached through an analysis of the labour force in 1851 and then leads into an assessment of family life and living standards during this controversial period.

Metamorphosis of Celie in Alice Walkers Color Purple Essay -- Color P

Metamorphosis of Celie in The Color Purple  Ã‚   In the book The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker, the main character Celie develops from an abused, shy and browbeaten teenage girl into a strong, mature and self-confident woman. This metamorphisis is due to five major factors: Celie observes other successful women, she receives love and appreciation, changes in Celie’s view of God, Celie’s maturation and a bit of luck. As Celie is brought up, her father sexually molests her over and over again, making her pregnant twice. And as a girl of fourteen, she has to marry an older man named Albert. Albert also bullies Celie as well as beats her. Celie does not know how to fight back. â€Å"All I know how to do is stay alive†, she says (18). But some things start changing around Celie. Being married to Albert, she meets other women that show her different ways of fighting back. Sofia, who is married to Albert’s son Harpo, is a big and strong woman. Whenever Harpo tries to beat Sofia up in order to make her obey him, Sofia always fights back, even harder. Celie looks up to Sofia, and the knowledge that a female can physically strike back is strengthening for Celie. Another woman that shows Celie that women can and are allowed to be successful is the singing queen Shug Avery. Shug is a well-known singer that almost every man admires. She, therefore, has the power to control them. Once again Celie is being taught that a woman can succeed and rule over her own life. The third woman that has an important role in Celie’s life is her own sister, Nettie, who is living away from Celie most part of her life, but who anyway stays in contact with Celie through a number of letters. Nettie was always said to be the most clever, good and b... ...and last main reason for Celie’s development. Firstly, Celie happens to find out that the father that she grew up with was not her real father. Her biological father was a better and much more successful man. Knowing that her family bonds were quite good after all strenghens Celie by making her feel better inside. Secondly, the inheritance of a house and money after the father makes it possible for Celie to become richer and fulfill some of her dreams. All the reasons mentioned above lead to Celie’s development into a strong, mature and self-confident woman who manages to leave her abusing husband, run an industry and a store, and become independent in many other ways. Celie’s own saying illustrates this new independence perfectly: â€Å"If she [Shug] come, I be happy. If she don’t, I be content. And then I figure this the lesson I was suppose to learn† (290).   

How Effective Was Elizabeth’s Government Essay

Elizabeth needed to win support of her people including nobles at court and ordering people in the country. She needed to do this in order to gain respect and run the government successfully form everyone, and good publicity was a good way of doing this. Elizabeth’s first chance to achieve goods publicity was at her coronation. She held it in London on the 15th January 1559. Elizabeth was determined to make it as impressive as possible. There were colourful procession and a royal journey by barge along the river Thames. The streets were lined with people and many important visitors attended. There was also grand for them that lasted ten days and all the costs led up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½16000 a huge sum of money in those days. Also, Elizabeth used portraits to let ordinary people see what she looked like and for publicity. In these portraits, she made the artists paint her powerfully. In her portrait of Elizabeth’s coronation, she was painted holding an orb and a sceptre, the symbols of a monarch’s power and authority. Elizabeth’s portraits were very important and she wanted them to show five main things: * Strength and power: She wanted to show than she was ruling the country wisely and successfully. * Wealth: It was important to distinguish Queen’s financial difficulties. * Ageless: As Elizabeth grew older, it was important to hide signs of age because this is a sign of weakness. * Success and wisdom: Elizabeth wanted her paintings to show that she was strong and powerful. She often had symbols of strength in her paintings such as pillars. * Legitimacy and purity: Roman Catholics thought that Queen Elizabeth had no right tot be Queen and was illegitimate. Therefore, to show her purity her face and clothes were usually white. Elizabeth’s portraits and coronation showed her as a successful ruler but even good publicity cold not distinguish failures. In addition, Elizabeth’s success would depend on how well she governed the country. She also needed to win the support of her wealthy and powerful. The Queen was the most important member of the court. Elizabeth used patronage, which is the power to appoint people to important jobs. This is how she attracted the loyalty and support of her most important subjects. I think that Queen Elizabeth’s ways of peoples support were very successful. For example, the system of patronage was effective as this gave people jobs, which was what they wanted, she made them respect her by making herself the most important person in court and the person with the most power over decisions. Elizabeth chose and controlled her privy council. By January 1559, Elizabeth had appointed nineteen experienced men to her privy council. None were strong Catholics and she appointed William Cecil as her secretary of state the most important position on the Privy Council. Sir William Cecil (secretary of state): He was hard working and he knew about all government business. He was not afraid to disagree with the Queen or others on the Privy Council. Queen Elizabeth trusted him completely and he was a loyal adviser to her for forty years. Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester): He disliked Cecil and often disagreed with him. He was a loyal advisor to the Queen but they had several quarrels. Sir Christopher Hatton (Parliament): Organised the Queen’s progresses and was elected into parliament several times. Helped Elizabeth to pass laws and control MP’s. Also made lord councillor, in charge of judges and law courts. Sir Francis Walsingham (Secretary of State): Worked mainly on foreign affairs. He was put in charge of Elizabeth’s secret service – controlled a number of spies all over Europe. Also often disagreed with Cecil, and he often made Elizabeth angry but she knew he was completely loyal. He found evidence in 1586 Mary Queen of Scots was involved in a plot to kill the Queen. Robert Devereux: commanded attacks on Spain and Ireland. Often argued with Elizabeth. In 1601, he led a rebellion and was executed for treason. The Privy Council met nearly every day and although Elizabeth didn’t go to all meetings. She was determined to show that she was a cautious ruler. She didn’t like making big changes or being rushed into making decisions. This often frustrated her councillors but they were completely loyal to her apart for two exceptions: Duke of Norfolk Earl of Essex I think that this aspect of the government was very effective and successful as they helped Elizabeth and they were nearly all completely loyal to her apart from two people (mentioned above). I think that this was successful because she let all the members know who was boss and was not rushed into anything. She also chose her members very wisely and each member had their own speciality. Parliament in the sixteenth century was much less powerful than it was today. It could only meet when the monarch called it. Although Elizabeth didn’t have to call the call parliament at all and she could close it whenever she liked. She chose to call in only thirteen times in her forty-five year reign. Elizabeth only called parliament for three main reasons: * To help pass ACTS OF PARLIAMENT laws which were approved by both house of parliament and the monarch. * To approve taxes, which could only be collected if parliament agreed to them? * To provide her with support and advice – It was very useful for monarchs to know the opinion of MP’s and win there support. This part of the government was not as important to Elizabeth as the Privy Council. I think that she did not like opening and going to parliament but she had to in order to get what she wanted. I think she just used parliament for her own needs. Although she was pretty, effective at getting what she wanted from them. Elizabeth never explained why she didn’t marry. Although there were some rumours that she was in love with Robert Dudley and wanted to marry him, there is no evidence to prove this. Elizabeth kept her thought on marriage private. Parliament asked her to marry several times but she only gave a vague answer. Later in the reign, when her MP’s asked who was her successor, she always refused. A few things that may have caused her not to marry are: * Marriage might have been unpopular and cause a rebellion * Lose friendship with other countries and become enemies. * If she married an English nobleman her other nobles would be disappointed and start a rebellion. * That she thought her husband would try to take control. Why Elizabeth didn’t marry became a mystery and although parliament tried to force the issue of her marrying, she never did. If Elizabeth was going to govern the country successfully, she had to control all her people. This wasn’t easy. Elizabeth didn’t have a permanent army or a police force to help her. However, Elizabeth appointed officers around the country, to help her control local areas. Also in towns wealthy citizens elected councils to look after the town’s affairs and keep the law in order. The local officials with whom most people met were the Justice of the Peace (JP’s). Elizabeth elected about forty of them in every county. They were usually landowners who knew there area well. This work was voluntary, however many landowners still wanted to become a JP as it meant that they were the most important person in the area. The Queen expected her Justice of the peace to carry out a range of duties. JP were given more and more work to do during Elizabeth’s reign. They were often given instruction form the Privy Council to carry out new laws form parliament to enforce. I think that this method was an effective way of keeping the country in order. However, it became less efficient as Elizabeth’s reign progressed. In addition, Elizabeth had a big enough reputation to persuade people to become JP’s voluntarily. Overall, I think that Elizabeth’s government was very effective. I think she controlled the country well and thorough out her reign there were no wars or rebellions in England and she had a good relationship with other countries. In addition, Elizabeth knew how to get her point across and she made herself the most important person in court and made sure that she was in control and never let anyone take control away for her. Maybe that was the reason that she never married because she was afraid that her husband would try to do so. Also Elizabeth publicised herself well and let people know what qualities she had and let people know that she was suitable for queen as was the right person to run the country.

Identify Major Features of the Latest Two Cepas and Comment on Their Possible Impacts

Assignment7 Identify major features of the latest both CEPAs and comment on their attainable impacts. The Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership on a lower floorstanding (CEPA) is the first free parcel protrude musical arrangement ever thinkd by the Mainland of mainland China and Hong Kong since 2003. CEPA opens up huge market luffs for Hong Kong goods and ope charge per whole, greatly enhancing the already close economic co mathematical process and integration among the Mainland and Hong Kong. It is a equal a win-win agreement, bringing mod line of work opportunities to the Mainland and Hong Kong.For Hong Kong, It provides a window of notice for Hong Kong businesses to gain greater approaching to the Mainland market. It also benefits the Mainland as Hong Kong serves as a perfective aspect springboard for Mainland enterprises to reach out to the orbicular market and accelerating the Mainlands full integration with the macrocosm economy. As the supplem ents titles imply, we crapper gener wholey conclude that the major features of 11s and 12s lead be deepen the relaxation method of trade in ser criminalitys and boosting access to Mainland market for Hong Kong good industries respectively. accoutrement eighter to CEPA (deepens relaxation behavior of trade in function) supplement VIII to CEPA provides for a total of 32 verify liberalization and trade and enthr hotshotment facilitation measures, including 23 liberalization measures in 16 renovation vault of heavens, and strengthens co- operating theatre in commonwealths such as finance, tourism, innovation and technology. Both sides also agree to enhance origin criteria under trade in goods, and relax the definition and related requirements of Hong Kong supporter suppliers. Of interest to note is that a lot of liberalizations incorporated within appendix VIII to CEPA were actually touched upon by Vice Premier Li Keqiang.Aside from flowering a package of 36 measures, the vice premier indicated that the trade in service between the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong should be essentially free by the end of the twelfth Five-year plan in 2015. This is perhaps one of the clearest indications regarding how soon and how far the mainland market will eventually open up for Hong Kong service suppliers and paids. To cope with the fallout of the international fiscal crisis, Hong Kong has advocated since 2009 the development of six bleak industries in which Hong Kong enjoys clear advantages.It is good to know that CEPA, in both adds VIII and VII, has incorporated measures gear to assisting Hong Kong service suppliers to gain enhanced access to the mainland market increasingly However, the liberalization rate of the Supplement VIII still seems to be not enough and thus it is not so possible to achieve Lis indication mentioned above. For typesetters case On tilling, supplement releases any Mainland-incorporated banking cosmos set up by a Hong Kong bank to ensnarl in the sale and dissemination of correlative funds.Yet, it is only for the Mainland-Hong Kong-incorporated banks and they are allowed to sell and get by the mutual funds only On individually subscribe stores, the number of persons employed in the operation is only relaxed from no more than eight persons to 10 persons and the business area is only relaxed from not exceptional 300 lustyly meters to 500 square meters On insurance, the Supplement allows Hong Kong insurance brokerage firm companies to set up wholly- possess insurance federal agency companies in Guangdong commonwealth on a pilot basis, however, the applicator must satisfy 4 criteria, such asthe appli squeeze outt should have been operating insurance brokerage businesses in Hong Kong for everyplace 10 eld.As the over-all liberalization is relatively limited, so the impact of the Supplement VIII will be low to Hong Kong. Supplement IX to CEPA (boosts access to Mainland market for Hong Kong service industries) Supplement IX to CEPA provides for a total of 43 run liberalization and trade and investment facilitation measures, including 37 liberalization measures in 22 service sectors, strengthens co-operation in areas of finance, trade and investment facilitation, and shape up promotes the mutual recognition of professional qualifications in the dickens designates. Compared with the preceding 8 arrangements, the major features and differences of Supplement IX are opener and wider in the different aspects of cooperation, especially in serve sector.Not only having a more intense collaboration in some aspects like business go, financial service and tourism run that are mentioned in those previous arrangements, but also getting a green light for HKSAR to operate benefit-driving complaisant go like residential commission operate for the elderly and disables. Without doubt, Supplement IX contributes benefits to both China and HKSAR economies. To comment on its imp act comprehensively, we will mainly center on the policies in the service sector. To lead off with, CEPA Supplement IX gives benefits to HKSAR, such as suspensoring HKSAR to develop advantages of its work sector onward expanding its serve sector to another(prenominal) proveniences.According to the arrangement, it states that central government would like to explode all the barriers, such as the terminal point of professionals number, identitys verification as well as the area to movement the operate for the individual workings unit from Hong Kong. Therefore it can give chance to HKSAR to purify its service qualities by enlarging the size of it of its human capital and operation any(prenominal) they want to build up HKSAR tell on name via the plat figure of Guangdong towards the whole mainland market. On the other hand, Guangdong can also sorb the experience such as the department of labor and human capital way of ontogenesis operate sector with file name extensi on to HKSARs model taking place there with a larger developing scale so as to improve the industry structure (tertiary industry) and the level of operate in Guangdong.Besides, CEPA Supplement IX further liberalized 22 service sectors, including 1 new sector statement function, ranging from professional work to cordial services. Reducing barriers for the entries to the mainlands market, it can help HKSAR to develop and promote with more opportunities and also enhance the exchange of theme in between HKSAR and China. Taking an example regarding the education services, China permits HKSAR to operate professional training institutions with a choice in between a single proprietorship, spliff venture or cooperation with China. This loosen restrictions can lead to both win-win situation of them as it can help the accumulation of topical anaesthetic professionals in mainland and narrowed the differences of professionals certification in between two regions.All in all, we can see t hat CEPA does help to reinforce the cooperation between Hong Kong and Mainland China with the progressively loosing policies. And therefore, the impact of CEPA will be sharper and sharper in the future. Yet, in the menstruation stage, there are still umpteen terminus ad quems and barriers and thus we deem that the process goes a bit too slow regarding the hankering of Li Keqiang that the trade in services between the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong should be basically free by the end of the twelfth Five-year plan in 2015. Appendix1 CEPA Supplement VIII (cited) Sectors or sub-sectors 7. monetary services B. Banking and other financial services (excluding insurance and securities) a. word meaning of deposits and other repayable funds from the publicb.Lending of all types, including consumer credit, mortgage credit, factoring and financing of mercantile transactionsc. Financial leasingd. All payment and silver transmission services, including credit, charge and debit cards, t ravellers cheques and bankers drafts (including meaning and merchandise settlement)e. Guarantees and commitmentsf. Trading for own fib or for account of customers conflicting exchange Specific commitments To allow any Mainland-incorporated banking institution established by a Hong Kong bank to engage in the sale and distribution of mutual funds. Appendix2 CEPA Supplement VIII (cited) Sectors or sub-sectors answer sectors (sectors not set out in GNS/W/120) Individually owned stores Specific commitments 1.To allow Hong Kong persistent residents with Chinese citizenship to set up, in accordance with the pertinent Mainland laws, regulations and administrative regulations, individually owned stores in all provinces, self-reliant regions and municipalities directly under the Central authorities in the Mainland without being subject to the approval procedures applicable to foreign investments, to provide the quest services (excluding franchising operation)(1) The following ite ms of Packaging Services under the Leasing and commercialized Service Industry the provision of services of commodities classification, sub-packing and encase, freshness preservation, labelling, mark-stamping etcetera for shopping malls, supermarkets or other customers the provision of goods assorting, sub-packing and packaging services specifically for chain stores or supermarkets the services of delivery companies (centres) which provide mainly goods assorting, sub-packing and packaging services the provision of sub-packing and packaging as well as re-packaging services for command products gift wrapping services. 2) The following items of function Services under the Leasing and Commercial Service Industry the design and production services of signs and bronze plaques the design and production services of trophies, plaques, medals and silk banners. (3) Craft activities which are mainly for the conception of leisure and entertainment (pottery, sewing, painting etc. ) under In door Entertainments. 2. To relax the restrictions on the number of persons engaged in the operation and the business area of individually owned stores set up by Hong Kong permanent residents with Chinese citizenship in all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in the Mainland(1) No more than 10 persons should be engaged in the operation of the individually owned stores. 2) The business area for retailing services food and deglutition services hair dressing, beauty give-and-take and health care services, bathing services and prepare services of home galvanising appliances and other goods for daily uses under residents services and other services import and export of goods and technologies photography and photographic processing services washing, cleaning and dyeing services repair and maintenance of motor vehicles and motorcycles and storage and reposition should not exceed 500 square metres. Appendix3 CEPA Supplement VIII (cited ) Sectors or sub-sectors 7. Financial services A. All insurance and insurance-related services a. Life, accident and health insurance services (CPC8121)b. Non-life insurance services (CPC8129)c. Reinsurance and retrocession (CPC81299)d. Services concomitant to insurance (including broking and agency services) (CPC8140) Specific commitments To allow Hong Kong insurance brokerage companies to set up wholly-owned insurance agency companies in Guangdong state of matter (including Shenzhen) on a pilot basis. The place of operation should be in Guangdong Province (including Shenzhen), and the pplicant must fulfill the following criteria (1) The applicator should have been operating insurance brokerage businesses in Hong Kong for over 10 years (2) The applicants average yearly business revenue for the past 3 years beforehand application should not be less(prenominal) than HK$500,000 and the total assets as at the end of the year before application should not be less than HK$500,000 ( 3) Within 3 years before application, there has been no serious fuck up and record of disciplinary action and (4) The applicant should have set up a representative office in the Mainland for over one year. Appendix4 CEPA Supplement IX (cited) Sectors or sub-sectors 8. Health related services and social services C. Social services eudaimonia services delivered through residential institutions to aged(prenominal) persons and the handicapped (CPC93311)Day-care services for the handicapped (CPC93321)Welfare services not delivered through residential institutions (CPC93323)Rehabilitation services for handicapped Specific commitments 1. To allow Hong Kong service suppliers to operate elderly service agencies in the form of wholly-owned profit-making enterprises. 2.To allow Hong Kong service suppliers to operate welfare services agencies for persons with disabilities in the form of wholly-owned profit-making enterprises. Appendix6 CEPA Supplement IX (cited) Sectors or sub-sectors 5. educational activity services A. Primary education services (CPC921)B. Secondary education services (CPC922)D. bountiful education services (CPC924)E. Other education services (CPC929) Specific commitments 1. To allow Hong Kong service suppliers from Hong Kong to set up international schools on a wholly-owned basis in Qianhai and Hengqin. Their bottom students may be expanded to offer children of Chinese nationals residing abroad and of returned talents after analyse abroad who are working in Qianhai and Hengqin. 2.To allow Hong Kong service suppliers to set up business-based training bodies in the Mainland on a wholly-owned, equity joint venture or contractual joint venture basis. 2 . Refer to appendix 1 3 . Refer to appendix 2 4 . Refer to appendix 3 5 . Refer to appendix 4 6 . Compared with the previous arrangements ,including CEPA 8, regarding the treatment to Hong Kong permanent residents have services taking place in Mainland China, there are numerous terminal p oint for their developments scale ranging from limitation of professionals number to the size of their services environment. In CEPA 8, the number upper limitation of professionals and working area are 10 and 50 m3. 7 . Refer to appendix 6